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    Richard Buxton

    Address9500 Gilman Drive #0677
    CA La Jolla 92093
    Phone858-822-0503
    vCardDownload vCard

      Collapse Biography 
      Collapse Education and Training
      Harvard/MGHPostdoc1983Radiology
      Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyPh.D.1981Physics
      Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyB.S.1976Physics
      Collapse Awards and Honors
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine2010Elected a Fellow
      Gordon Research Conference on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance2006Chair
      Oxford University 2005Litchfield Lecturer

      Collapse Overview 
      Collapse Overview
      Dr. Buxton is a physicist working in the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). His primary work focuses on understanding the connections between neural activity, blood flow and energy metabolism in the human brain. Experimental work combines arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods with blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) methods to estimate changes in brain oxygen metabolism in response to a stimulus or a drug. More theoretical work involves mathematical modeling of the imaging methods, the BOLD effect, and oxygen transport from blood to tissue. In addition to his research on the brain, he collaborates with pulmonary researchers in the Pulmonary Imaging Lab, working on the application of ASL methods to measure dynamic blood flow changes in the lung. Dr. Buxton is based at the Center for Functional MRI, and served as the Center’s founding Director (2000-2007). He has written a textbook on fMRI, now in its second edition, published by Cambridge University Press (2009).


      Collapse Research 
      Collapse Research Activities and Funding
      Dynamics of oxygen metabolism in the human brain
      NIH/NINDS R21NS085478Jun 1, 2014 - May 31, 2016
      Role: Principal Investigator
      A New Approach for Quantitative fMRI
      NIH/NINDS R21NS081405Sep 1, 2012 - Aug 31, 2014
      Role: Principal Investigator
      Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Blood Flow in the Normal Human Lung
      NIH/NHLBI R01HL104118Apr 1, 2011 - Mar 31, 2015
      Role: Principal Investigator
      The Hemodynamic Response to Brain Activation
      NIH/NINDS R01NS042069Sep 30, 2002 - Aug 31, 2007
      Role: Principal Investigator
      The Physiological Basis of Functional MRI
      NIH/NINDS R01NS036722Feb 20, 1998 - Apr 30, 2018
      Role: Principal Investigator

      Collapse Bibliographic 
      Collapse Publications
      Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help.
      List All   |   Timeline
      1. Mullinger KJ, Cherukara MT, Buxton R, Francis ST, Mayhew SD. Post-stimulus fMRI and EEG responses: Evidence for a neuronal origin hypothesised to be inhibitory. Neuroimage. 2017 Jun 10; 157:388-399. PMID: 28610902.
        View in: PubMed
      2. Sakadžic S, Yaseen MA, Jaswal R, Roussakis E, Dale AM, Buxton R, Vinogradov SA, Boas DA, Devor A. Two-photon microscopy measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen using periarteriolar oxygen concentration gradients. Neurophotonics. 2016 Oct; 3(4):045005. PMID: 27774493.
        View in: PubMed
      3. Uhlirova H, Kiliç K, Tian P, Sakadžic S, Gagnon L, Thunemann M, Desjardins M, Saisan PA, Nizar K, Yaseen MA, Hagler DJ, Vandenberghe M, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Silva GA, Masliah E, Kleinfeld D, Vinogradov S, Buxton R, Einevoll GT, Boas DA, Dale AM, Devor A. The roadmap for estimation of cell-type-specific neuronal activity from non-invasive measurements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Oct 5; 371(1705). PMID: 27574309.
        View in: PubMed
      4. Gagnon L, Sakadžic S, Lesage F, Pouliot P, Dale AM, Devor A, Buxton R, Boas DA. Validation and optimization of hypercapnic-calibrated fMRI from oxygen-sensitive two-photon microscopy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Oct 5; 371(1705). PMID: 27574311.
        View in: PubMed
      5. Uhlirova H, Kiliç K, Tian P, Thunemann M, Desjardins M, Saisan PA, Sakadžic S, Ness TV, Mateo C, Cheng Q, Weldy KL, Razoux F, Vandenberghe M, Cremonesi JA, Ferri CG, Nizar K, Sridhar VB, Steed TC, Abashin M, Fainman Y, Masliah E, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Silva GA, Boas DA, Kleinfeld D, Buxton R, Einevoll GT, Dale AM, Devor A. Cell type specificity of neurovascular coupling in cerebral cortex. Elife. 2016; 5. PMID: 27244241.
        View in: PubMed
      6. Merola A, Murphy K, Stone AJ, Germuska MA, Griffeth VE, Blockley NP, Buxton R, Wise RG. Measurement of oxygen extraction fraction (OEF): An optimized BOLD signal model for use with hypercapnic and hyperoxic calibration. Neuroimage. 2016 Apr 1; 129:159-74. PMID: 26801605.
        View in: PubMed
      7. Simon AB, Dubowitz DJ, Blockley NP, Buxton R. A novel Bayesian approach to accounting for uncertainty in fMRI-derived estimates of cerebral oxygen metabolism fluctuations. Neuroimage. 2016 Apr 1; 129:198-213. PMID: 26790354.
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      8. Buxton R. Beyond BOLD correlations: A more quantitative approach for investigating brain networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016 Mar; 36(3):461-2. PMID: 26661228.
        View in: PubMed
      9. Wang K, Smith ZM, Buxton R, Swenson ER, Dubowitz DJ. Acetazolamide during acute hypoxia improves tissue oxygenation in the human brain. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Dec 15; 119(12):1494-500. PMID: 26472861.
        View in: PubMed
      10. Guo J, Buxton R, Wong EC. Wedge-shaped slice-selective adiabatic inversion pulse for controlling temporal width of bolus in pulsed arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 2016 Sep; 76(3):838-47. PMID: 26451521.
        View in: PubMed
      11. Walker SC, Asadi AK, Hopkins SR, Buxton R, Prisk GK. A statistical clustering approach to discriminating perfusion from conduit vessel signal contributions in a pulmonary ASL MR image. NMR Biomed. 2015 Sep; 28(9):1117-24. PMID: 26182890.
        View in: PubMed
      12. Bischoff-Grethe A, Buxton R, Paulus MP, Fleisher AS, Yang TT, Brown GG. Striatal and Pallidal Activation during Reward Modulated Movement Using a Translational Paradigm. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015 Jul; 21(6):399-411. PMID: 26156687.
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      13. Simon AB, Buxton R. Understanding the dynamic relationship between cerebral blood flow and the BOLD signal: Implications for quantitative functional MRI. Neuroimage. 2015 Aug 1; 116:158-67. PMID: 25862267.
        View in: PubMed
      14. Gagnon L, Sakadžic S, Lesage F, Musacchia JJ, Lefebvre J, Fang Q, Yücel MA, Evans KC, Mandeville ET, Cohen-Adad J, Polimeni JR, Yaseen MA, Lo EH, Greve DN, Buxton R, Dale AM, Devor A, Boas DA. Quantifying the microvascular origin of BOLD-fMRI from first principles with two-photon microscopy and an oxygen-sensitive nanoprobe. J Neurosci. 2015 Feb 25; 35(8):3663-75. PMID: 25716864.
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      15. Asadi AK, Sá RC, Kim NH, Theilmann RJ, Hopkins SR, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Inhaled nitric oxide alters the distribution of blood flow in the healthy human lung, suggesting active hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in normoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Feb 1; 118(3):331-43. PMID: 25429099.
        View in: PubMed
      16. Blockley NP, Griffeth VE, Simon AB, Dubowitz DJ, Buxton R. Calibrating the BOLD response without administering gases: Comparison of hypercapnia calibration with calibration using an asymmetric spin echo. Neuroimage. 2015 Jan 1; 104:423-9. PMID: 25451475.
        View in: PubMed
      17. Griffeth VE, Simon AB, Buxton R. The coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism with brain activation is similar for simple and complex stimuli in human primary visual cortex. Neuroimage. 2015 Jan 1; 104:156-62. PMID: 25312771.
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      18. Bracko O, Di Pietro V, Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Tavazzi B, Artmann J, Wong EC, Buxton R, Weller M, Luft AR, Wegener S. 3-Nitropropionic acid-induced ischemia tolerance in the rat brain is mediated by reduced metabolic activity and cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Sep; 34(9):1522-30. PMID: 24938399.
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      19. Buxton R, Griffeth VE, Simon AB, Moradi F. Variability of the coupling of blood flow and oxygen metabolism responses in the brain: a problem for interpreting BOLD studies but potentially a new window on the underlying neural activity. Front Neurosci. 2014; 8:139. PMID: 24966808.
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      20. Devor A, Bandettini PA, Boas DA, Bower JM, Buxton R, Cohen LB, Dale AM, Einevoll GT, Fox PT, Franceschini MA, Friston KJ, Fujimoto JG, Geyer MA, Greenberg JH, Halgren E, Hämäläinen MS, Helmchen F, Hyman BT, Jasanoff A, Jernigan TL, Judd LL, Kim SG, Kleinfeld D, Kopell NJ, Kutas M, Kwong KK, Larkum ME, Lo EH, Magistretti PJ, Mandeville JB, Masliah E, Mitra PP, Mobley WC, Moskowitz MA, Nimmerjahn A, Reynolds JH, Rosen BR, Salzberg BM, Schaffer CB, Silva GA, So PT, Spitzer NC, Tootell RB, Van Essen DC, Vanduffel W, Vinogradov SA, Wald LL, Wang LV, Weber B, Yodh AG. The challenge of connecting the dots in the B.R.A.I.N. Neuron. 2013 Oct 16; 80(2):270-4. PMID: 24139032.
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      21. Buxton R. The physics of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Rep Prog Phys. 2013 Sep; 76(9):096601. PMID: 24006360.
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      22. Griffeth VE, Blockley NP, Simon AB, Buxton R. A New Functional MRI Approach for Investigating Modulations of Brain Oxygen Metabolism. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6):e68122. PMID: 23826367.
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      23. Wegener S, Artmann J, Luft AR, Buxton R, Weller M, Wong EC. The time of maximum post-ischemic hyperperfusion indicates infarct growth following transient experimental ischemia. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5):e65322. PMID: 23741488.
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      24. Moradi F, Buxton R. Adaptation of cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow and modulation of neurovascular coupling with prolonged stimulation in human visual cortex. Neuroimage. 2013 Nov 15; 82:182-9. PMID: 23732885.
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      25. Henderson AC, Sá RC, Theilmann RJ, Buxton R, Prisk GK, Hopkins SR. The gravitational distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratio is more uniform in prone than supine posture in the normal human lung. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Aug 1; 115(3):313-24. PMID: 23620488.
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      26. Simon AB, Griffeth VE, Wong EC, Buxton R. A novel method of combining blood oxygenation and blood flow sensitive magnetic resonance imaging techniques to measure the cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism responses to an unknown neural stimulus. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e54816. PMID: 23382977.
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      27. Blockley NP, Griffeth VE, Germuska MA, Bulte DP, Buxton R. An analysis of the use of hyperoxia for measuring venous cerebral blood volume: comparison of the existing method with a new analysis approach. Neuroimage. 2013 May 15; 72:33-40. PMID: 23370053.
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      28. Leontiev O, Buracas GT, Liang C, Ances BM, Perthen JE, Shmuel A, Buxton R. Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism is conserved for chromatic and luminance stimuli in human visual cortex. Neuroimage. 2013 Mar; 68:221-8. PMID: 23238435.
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      29. Asadi AK, Cronin MV, Sá RC, Theilmann RJ, Holverda S, Hopkins SR, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Spatial-temporal dynamics of pulmonary blood flow in the healthy human lung in response to altered FI(O2). J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Jan 1; 114(1):107-18. PMID: 23104691.
        View in: PubMed
      30. Blockley NP, Griffeth VE, Simon AB, Buxton R. A review of calibrated blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) methods for the measurement of task-induced changes in brain oxygen metabolism. NMR Biomed. 2013 Aug; 26(8):987-1003. PMID: 22945365.
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      31. Liang CL, Ances BM, Perthen JE, Moradi F, Liau J, Buracas GT, Hopkins SR, Buxton R. Luminance contrast of a visual stimulus modulates the BOLD response more than the cerebral blood flow response in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2013 Jan 1; 64:104-11. PMID: 22963855.
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      32. Robertson HT, Buxton R. Imaging for lung physiology: what do we wish we could measure? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jul; 113(2):317-27. PMID: 22582217.
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      33. Burrowes KS, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Assessing potential errors of MRI-based measurements of pulmonary blood flow using a detailed network flow model. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jul; 113(1):130-41. PMID: 22539167.
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      34. Buxton R. Dynamic models of BOLD contrast. Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 15; 62(2):953-61. PMID: 22245339.
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      35. Henderson AC, Sá RC, Barash IA, Holverda S, Buxton R, Hopkins SR, Prisk GK. Rapid intravenous infusion of 20 mL/kg saline alters the distribution of perfusion in healthy supine humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012 Mar 15; 180(2-3):331-41. PMID: 22227320.
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      36. Blockley NP, Griffeth VE, Buxton R. A general analysis of calibrated BOLD methodology for measuring CMRO2 responses: comparison of a new approach with existing methods. Neuroimage. 2012 Mar; 60(1):279-89. PMID: 22155329.
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      37. Devor A, Sakadzic S, Saisan PA, Yaseen MA, Roussakis E, Srinivasan VJ, Vinogradov SA, Rosen BR, Buxton R, Dale AM, Boas DA. "Overshoot" of O2 is required to maintain baseline tissue oxygenation at locations distal to blood vessels. J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 21; 31(38):13676-81. PMID: 21940458.
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      38. Small SA, Schobel SA, Buxton R, Witter MP, Barnes CA. A pathophysiological framework of hippocampal dysfunction in ageing and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Oct; 12(10):585-601. PMID: 21897434.
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      39. Buracas GT, Jung Y, Lee J, Buxton R, Wong EC, Liu TT. On multiple alternating steady states induced by periodic spin phase perturbation waveforms. Magn Reson Med. 2012 May; 67(5):1412-8. PMID: 21826730.
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      40. Moradi F, Buracas GT, Buxton R. Attention strongly increases oxygen metabolic response to stimulus in primary visual cortex. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2; 59(1):601-7. PMID: 21839179.
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      41. Griffeth VE, Buxton R. A theoretical framework for estimating cerebral oxygen metabolism changes using the calibrated-BOLD method: modeling the effects of blood volume distribution, hematocrit, oxygen extraction fraction, and tissue signal properties on the BOLD signal. Neuroimage. 2011 Sep 1; 58(1):198-212. PMID: 21669292.
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      42. Arai TJ, Prisk GK, Holverda S, Sá RC, Theilmann RJ, Henderson AC, Cronin MV, Buxton R, Hopkins SR. Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of pulmonary perfusion using calibrated arterial spin labeling. J Vis Exp. 2011; (51). PMID: 21673635.
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      43. Griffeth VE, Perthen JE, Buxton R. Prospects for quantitative fMRI: investigating the effects of caffeine on baseline oxygen metabolism and the response to a visual stimulus in humans. Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1; 57(3):809-16. PMID: 21586328.
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      44. Thesen T, Leontiev O, Song T, Dehghani N, Hagler DJ, Huang M, Buxton R, Halgren E. Depression of cortical activity in humans by mild hypercapnia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012 Mar; 33(3):715-26. PMID: 21500313.
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      45. Ances BM, Vaida F, Cherner M, Yeh MJ, Liang CL, Gardner C, Grant I, Ellis RJ, Buxton R. HIV and chronic methamphetamine dependence affect cerebral blood flow. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2011 Sep; 6(3):409-19. PMID: 21431471.
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      46. Ances B, Vaida F, Ellis R, Buxton R. Test-retest stability of calibrated BOLD-fMRI in HIV- and HIV+ subjects. Neuroimage. 2011 Feb 1; 54(3):2156-62. PMID: 20932922.
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      47. Sá RC, Cronin MV, Henderson AC, Holverda S, Theilmann RJ, Arai TJ, Dubowitz DJ, Hopkins SR, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Vertical distribution of specific ventilation in normal supine humans measured by oxygen-enhanced proton MRI. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Dec; 109(6):1950-9. PMID: 20930129.
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      48. Hopkins SR, Arai TJ, Henderson AC, Levin DL, Buxton R, Kim Prisk G. Lung volume does not alter the distribution of pulmonary perfusion in dependent lung in supine humans. J Physiol. 2010 Dec 1; 588(Pt 23):4759-68. PMID: 20921195.
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      49. Tian P, Teng IC, May LD, Kurz R, Lu K, Scadeng M, Hillman EM, De Crespigny AJ, D'Arceuil HE, Mandeville JB, Marota JJ, Rosen BR, Liu TT, Boas DA, Buxton R, Dale AM, Devor A. Cortical depth-specific microvascular dilation underlies laminar differences in blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 24; 107(34):15246-51. PMID: 20696904.
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      50. Buxton R. Interpreting oxygenation-based neuroimaging signals: the importance and the challenge of understanding brain oxygen metabolism. Front Neuroenergetics. 2010; 2:8. PMID: 20616882.
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      51. Ances BM, Vaida F, Yeh MJ, Liang CL, Buxton R, Letendre S, McCutchan JA, Ellis RJ. HIV infection and aging independently affect brain function as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Infect Dis. 2010 Feb 1; 201(3):336-40. PMID: 20047503.
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      52. Henderson AC, Prisk GK, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, Buxton R. Characterizing pulmonary blood flow distribution measured using arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed. 2009 Dec; 22(10):1025-35. PMID: 19492332.
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      53. Burnham KJ, Arai TJ, Dubowitz DJ, Henderson AC, Holverda S, Buxton R, Prisk GK, Hopkins SR. Pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity is increased by sustained, heavy exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Nov; 107(5):1559-68. PMID: 19745192.
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      54. Theilmann RJ, Arai TJ, Samiee A, Dubowitz DJ, Hopkins SR, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Quantitative MRI measurement of lung density must account for the change in T(2) (*) with lung inflation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Sep; 30(3):527-34. PMID: 19630079.
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      55. Ances BM, Sisti D, Vaida F, Liang CL, Leontiev O, Perthen JE, Buxton R, Benson D, Smith DM, Little SJ, Richman DD, Moore DJ, Ellis RJ. Resting cerebral blood flow: a potential biomarker of the effects of HIV in the brain. Neurology. 2009 Sep 1; 73(9):702-8. PMID: 19720977.
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      56. Fleisher AS, Sherzai A, Taylor C, Langbaum JB, Chen K, Buxton R. Resting-state BOLD networks versus task-associated functional MRI for distinguishing Alzheimer's disease risk groups. Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 1; 47(4):1678-90. PMID: 19539034.
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      57. Dubowitz DJ, Dyer EA, Theilmann RJ, Buxton R, Hopkins SR. Early brain swelling in acute hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Jul; 107(1):244-52. PMID: 19423837.
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      58. Ances BM, Liang CL, Leontiev O, Perthen JE, Fleisher AS, Lansing AE, Buxton R. Effects of aging on cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism, and blood oxygenation level dependent responses to visual stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Apr; 30(4):1120-32. PMID: 18465743.
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      59. Arai TJ, Henderson AC, Dubowitz DJ, Levin DL, Friedman PJ, Buxton R, Prisk GK, Hopkins SR. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction does not contribute to pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity in normoxia in normal supine humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Apr; 106(4):1057-64. PMID: 19057006.
        View in: PubMed
      60. Fleisher AS, Podraza KM, Bangen KJ, Taylor C, Sherzai A, Sidhar K, Liu TT, Dale AM, Buxton R. Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurobiol Aging. 2009 Nov; 30(11):1737-48. PMID: 18325636.
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      61. Buracas GT, Liu TT, Buxton R, Frank LR, Wong EC. Imaging periodic currents using alternating balanced steady-state free precession. Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jan; 59(1):140-8. PMID: 18050317.
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      62. Ances BM, Leontiev O, Perthen JE, Liang C, Lansing AE, Buxton R. Regional differences in the coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism changes in response to activation: implications for BOLD-fMRI. Neuroimage. 2008 Feb 15; 39(4):1510-21. PMID: 18164629.
        View in: PubMed
      63. Perthen JE, Lansing AE, Liau J, Liu TT, Buxton R. Caffeine-induced uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism: a calibrated BOLD fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2008 Mar 1; 40(1):237-47. PMID: 18191583.
        View in: PubMed
      64. Dyer EA, Hopkins SR, Perthen JE, Buxton R, Dubowitz DJ. Regional cerebral blood flow during acute hypoxia in individuals susceptible to acute mountain sickness. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008 Feb 29; 160(3):267-76. PMID: 18088570.
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      65. Wu WC, Buxton R, Wong EC. Vascular space occupancy weighted imaging with control of residual blood signal and higher contrast-to-noise ratio. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2007 Oct; 26(10):1319-27. PMID: 17948723.
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      66. Prisk GK, Yamada K, Henderson AC, Arai TJ, Levin DL, Buxton R, Hopkins SR. Pulmonary perfusion in the prone and supine postures in the normal human lung. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep; 103(3):883-94. PMID: 17569767.
        View in: PubMed
      67. Brown GG, Perthen JE, Liu TT, Buxton R. A primer on functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007 Jun; 17(2):107-25. PMID: 17468956.
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      68. Hopkins SR, Henderson AC, Levin DL, Yamada K, Arai T, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Vertical gradients in regional lung density and perfusion in the supine human lung: the Slinky effect. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Jul; 103(1):240-8. PMID: 17395757.
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      69. Leontiev O, Dubowitz DJ, Buxton R. CBF/CMRO2 coupling measured with calibrated BOLD fMRI: sources of bias. Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 15; 36(4):1110-22. PMID: 17524665.
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      70. Levin DL, Buxton R, Spiess JP, Arai T, Balouch J, Hopkins SR. Effects of age on pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity measured by magnetic resonance imaging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 May; 102(5):2064-70. PMID: 17303711.
        View in: PubMed
      71. Leontiev O, Buxton R. Reproducibility of BOLD, perfusion, and CMRO2 measurements with calibrated-BOLD fMRI. Neuroimage. 2007 Mar; 35(1):175-84. PMID: 17208013.
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      72. Bolar DS, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, Frank LF, Liu TT, Wong EC, Buxton R. Quantification of regional pulmonary blood flow using ASL-FAIRER. Magn Reson Med. 2006 Jun; 55(6):1308-17. PMID: 16680681.
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      73. Jezzard P, Buxton R. The clinical potential of functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Jun; 23(6):787-93. PMID: 16649209.
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      74. Henderson AC, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, Olfert IM, Buxton R, Prisk GK. Steep head-down tilt has persisting effects on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Aug; 101(2):583-9. PMID: 16601308.
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      75. Buxton R. Quantifying CBF with arterial spin labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Dec; 22(6):723-6. PMID: 16261574.
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      76. Liu TT, Behzadi Y, Restom K, Uludag K, Lu K, Buracas GT, Dubowitz DJ, Buxton R. Caffeine alters the temporal dynamics of the visual BOLD response. Neuroimage. 2004 Dec; 23(4):1402-13. PMID: 15589104.
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      77. Sirlin CB, Vera DR, Corbeil JA, Caballero MB, Buxton R, Mattrey RF. Gadolinium-DTPA-dextran: a macromolecular MR blood pool contrast agent. Acad Radiol. 2004 Dec; 11(12):1361-9. PMID: 15596374.
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      78. Uludag K, Dubowitz DJ, Yoder EJ, Restom K, Liu TT, Buxton R. Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during physiological activation and deactivation measured with fMRI. Neuroimage. 2004 Sep; 23(1):148-55. PMID: 15325361.
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      79. Uludag K, Buxton R. Measuring the effects of indomethacin on changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism and cerebral blood flow during sensorimotor activation. Magn Reson Med. 2004 May; 51(5):1088-9; author reply 1090. PMID: 15122696.
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      80. Obata T, Liu TT, Miller KL, Luh WM, Wong EC, Frank LR, Buxton R. Discrepancies between BOLD and flow dynamics in primary and supplementary motor areas: application of the balloon model to the interpretation of BOLD transients. Neuroimage. 2004 Jan; 21(1):144-53. PMID: 14741651.
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      81. Buxton R, Uludag K, Dubowitz DJ, Liu TT. Modeling the hemodynamic response to brain activation. Neuroimage. 2004; 23 Suppl 1:S220-33. PMID: 15501093.
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      82. Brown GG, Eyler Zorrilla LT, Georgy B, Kindermann SS, Wong EC, Buxton R. BOLD and perfusion response to finger-thumb apposition after acetazolamide administration: differential relationship to global perfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003 Jul; 23(7):829-37. PMID: 12843786.
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      83. Frank LR, Wong EC, Liu TT, Buxton R. Increased diffusion sensitivity with hyperechos. Magn Reson Med. 2003 Jun; 49(6):1098-105. PMID: 12768588.
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      84. Stiles J, Moses P, Roe K, Akshoomoff NA, Trauner D, Hesselink J, Wong EC, Frank LR, Buxton R. Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury: convergent fMRI and cognitive data. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003 May; 9(4):604-22. PMID: 12755173.
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      85. Stiles J, Moses P, Passarotti A, Dick FK, Buxton R. Exploring developmental change in the neural bases of higher cognitive functions: the promise of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dev Neuropsychol. 2003; 24(2-3):641-68. PMID: 14561565.
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      86. Reber PJ, Wong EC, Buxton R. Comparing the brain areas supporting nondeclarative categorization and recognition memory. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Aug; 14(2):245-57. PMID: 12067697.
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      87. Moses P, Roe K, Buxton R, Wong EC, Frank LR, Stiles J. Functional MRI of global and local processing in children. Neuroimage. 2002 Jun; 16(2):415-24. PMID: 12030826.
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      88. Liu TT, Wong EC, Frank LR, Buxton R. Analysis and design of perfusion-based event-related fMRI experiments. Neuroimage. 2002 May; 16(1):269-82. PMID: 11969334.
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      89. Reber PJ, Wong EC, Buxton R. Encoding activity in the medial temporal lobe examined with anatomically constrained fMRI analysis. Hippocampus. 2002; 12(3):363-76. PMID: 12099487.
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      90. Buxton R. The elusive initial dip. Neuroimage. 2001 Jun; 13(6 Pt 1):953-8. PMID: 11352601.
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      91. Miller KL, Luh WM, Liu TT, Martinez A, Obata T, Wong EC, Frank LR, Buxton R. Nonlinear temporal dynamics of the cerebral blood flow response. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 May; 13(1):1-12. PMID: 11284042.
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      92. Liu TT, Frank LR, Wong EC, Buxton R. Detection power, estimation efficiency, and predictability in event-related fMRI. Neuroimage. 2001 Apr; 13(4):759-73. PMID: 11305903.
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      93. Frank LR, Buxton R, Wong EC. Estimation of respiration-induced noise fluctuations from undersampled multislice fMRI data. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Apr; 45(4):635-44. PMID: 11283992.
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      94. Wong EC, Liu TT, Luh WM, Frank LR, Buxton R. T(1) and T(2) selective method for improved SNR in CSF-attenuated imaging: T(2)-FLAIR. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Mar; 45(3):529-32. PMID: 11241715.
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      95. Martínez A, Di Russo F, Anllo-Vento L, Sereno MI, Buxton R, Hillyard SA. Putting spatial attention on the map: timing and localization of stimulus selection processes in striate and extrastriate visual areas. Vision Res. 2001; 41(10-11):1437-57. PMID: 11322985.
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      96. Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Prasad PV, Chen Q, Buxton R, Edelman RR. Noninvasive pulmonary perfusion imaging by STAR-HASTE sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2000 Nov; 44(5):808-12. PMID: 11064417.
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      97. Drummond SP, Brown GG, Gillin JC, Stricker JL, Wong EC, Buxton R. Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation. Nature. 2000 Feb 10; 403(6770):655-7. PMID: 10688201.
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      98. Drummond SP, Brown GG, Stricker JL, Buxton R, Wong EC, Gillin JC. Sleep deprivation-induced reduction in cortical functional response to serial subtraction. Neuroreport. 1999 Dec 16; 10(18):3745-8. PMID: 10716202.
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      99. Frank LR, Wong EC, Haseler LJ, Buxton R. Dynamic imaging of perfusion in human skeletal muscle during exercise with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1999 Aug; 42(2):258-67. PMID: 10440950.
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      100. Frank LR, Wong EC, Buxton R, Resnick D. Mapping the physiological parameters of articular cartilage with magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1999 Jun; 10(3):153-79. PMID: 10565709.
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      101. Wong EC, Buxton R, Frank LR. Quantitative perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1999 May; 9(2):333-42. PMID: 10318718.
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      102. Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Siegle GJ, Granholm E, Wong EC, Buxton R. Brain activation and pupil response during covert performance of the Stroop Color Word task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 May; 5(4):308-19. PMID: 10349294.
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      103. Martínez A, Anllo-Vento L, Sereno MI, Frank LR, Buxton R, Dubowitz DJ, Wong EC, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, Hillyard SA. Involvement of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in spatial attention. Nat Neurosci. 1999 Apr; 2(4):364-9. PMID: 10204544.
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      104. Buxton R, Frank LR, Wong EC, Siewert B, Warach S, Edelman RR. A general kinetic model for quantitative perfusion imaging with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Sep; 40(3):383-96. PMID: 9727941.
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      105. Wong EC, Buxton R, Frank LR. A theoretical and experimental comparison of continuous and pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques for quantitative perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Sep; 40(3):348-55. PMID: 9727936.
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      106. Buxton R, Wong EC, Frank LR. Dynamics of blood flow and oxygenation changes during brain activation: the balloon model. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jun; 39(6):855-64. PMID: 9621908.
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      107. Stefanacci L, Reber P, Costanza J, Wong E, Buxton R, Zola S, Squire L, Albright T. fMRI of monkey visual cortex. Neuron. 1998 Jun; 20(6):1051-7. PMID: 9655492.
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      108. Wong EC, Buxton R, Frank LR. Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction (QUIPSS and QUIPSS II). Magn Reson Med. 1998 May; 39(5):702-8. PMID: 9581600.
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      109. Reber PJ, Wong EC, Buxton R, Frank LR. Correction of off resonance-related distortion in echo-planar imaging using EPI-based field maps. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Feb; 39(2):328-30. PMID: 9469719.
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      110. Frank LR, Buxton R, Wong EC. Probabilistic analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jan; 39(1):132-48. PMID: 9438447.
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      111. Prasad PV, Kim D, Kaiser AM, Chavez D, Gladstone S, Li W, Buxton R, Edelman RR. Noninvasive comprehensive characterization of renal artery stenosis by combination of STAR angiography and EPISTAR perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1997 Nov; 38(5):776-87. PMID: 9358452.
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      112. Frank LR, Wong EC, Buxton R. Slice profile effects in adiabatic inversion: application to multislice perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1997 Oct; 38(4):558-64. PMID: 9324322.
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      113. Wong EC, Buxton R, Frank LR. Implementation of quantitative perfusion imaging techniques for functional brain mapping using pulsed arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed. 1997 Jun-Aug; 10(4-5):237-49. PMID: 9430354.
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      114. Hickok G, Love T, Swinney D, Wong EC, Buxton R. Functional MR imaging during auditory word perception: a single-trial presentation paradigm. Brain Lang. 1997 Jun 1; 58(1):197-201. PMID: 9184103.
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      115. Martinez A, Moses P, Frank L, Buxton R, Wong E, Stiles J. Hemispheric asymmetries in global and local processing: evidence from fMRI. Neuroreport. 1997 May 6; 8(7):1685-9. PMID: 9189915.
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      116. Allen G, Buxton R, Wong EC, Courchesne E. Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement. Science. 1997 Mar 28; 275(5308):1940-3. PMID: 9072973.
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      117. Frank LR, Brossmann J, Buxton R, Resnick D. MR imaging truncation artifacts can create a false laminar appearance in cartilage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Feb; 168(2):547-54. PMID: 9016245.
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      118. Buxton R, Frank LR. A model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997 Jan; 17(1):64-72. PMID: 8978388.
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      119. Hickok G, Poeppel D, Clark K, Buxton R, Rowley HA, Roberts TP. Sensory mapping in a congenitally deaf subject: MEG and fRMI studies of cross-modal non-plasticity. Hum Brain Mapp. 1997; 5(6):437-44. PMID: 20408246.
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      120. Huynh TV, Bergin CJ, Hauschildt J, Konopka RG, Bloor C, Buxton R. Magnetic resonance detection of acute pulmonary emboli in a canine model with pathologic correlation. Acad Radiol. 1996 Dec; 3(12):1019-24. PMID: 9017017.
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      121. Kerber CW, Hecht ST, Knox K, Buxton R, Meltzer HS. Flow dynamics in a fatal aneurysm of the basilar artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996 Sep; 17(8):1417-21. PMID: 8883635.
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      122. Tran HT, Guo Q, Schumacher DJ, Buxton R, Mattrey RF. 19F chemical shift imaging technique to measure intracellular pO2 in vivo using perflubron. Acad Radiol. 1995 Sep; 2(9):756-61. PMID: 9419636.
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      123. Chong BW, Kerber CW, Buxton R, Frank LR, Hesselink JR. Blood flow dynamics in the vertebrobasilar system: correlation of a transparent elastic model and MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994 Apr; 15(4):733-45. PMID: 8010277.
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      124. Elmaleh DR, Livni E, Alpert NM, Strauss HW, Buxton R, Fischman AJ. Myocardial extraction of 1-[11C] betamethylheptadecanoic acid. J Nucl Med. 1994 Mar; 35(3):496-503. PMID: 8113905.
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      125. Guo Q, Mattrey RF, Guclu C, Buxton R, Nalcioglu O. Monitoring of pO2 by spin-spin relaxation rate 1/T2 of 19F in a rabbit abscess model. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 1994; 22(4):1449-54. PMID: 7849956.
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      126. Kantor HL, Rzedzian RR, Buxton R, Berliner E, Beaulieu P, Rosen B, Brady TJ, Pykett IL. Contrast induced myocardial signal reduction: effect of lanthanide chelates on ultra high speed MR images. Magn Reson Imaging. 1994; 12(1):51-9. PMID: 8295508.
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      127. Frank LR, Buxton R, Kerber CW. Pulsatile flow artifacts in 3D magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1993 Sep; 30(3):296-304. PMID: 8412600.
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      128. Buxton R, Kerber CW, Frank LR. Pulsatile flow artifacts in two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography: initial studies in elastic models of human carotid arteries. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993 Jul-Aug; 3(4):625-36. PMID: 8347956.
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      129. Buxton R. The diffusion sensitivity of fast steady-state free precession imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1993 Feb; 29(2):235-43. PMID: 8429788.
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      130. Frank LR, Buxton R. Distortions from curved flow in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1993 Jan; 29(1):84-93. PMID: 8419746.
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      131. Chien D, Kwong KK, Gress DR, Buonanno FS, Buxton R, Rosen BR. MR diffusion imaging of cerebral infarction in humans. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992 Jul-Aug; 13(4):1097-102; discussion 1103-5. PMID: 1636519.
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      132. Frank LR, Crawley AP, Buxton R. Elimination of oblique flow artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1992 Jun; 25(2):299-307. PMID: 1614313.
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      133. Lee HK, Nalcioglu O, Buxton R. Correction of chemical-shift artifacts in 19F imaging of PFOB: a robust signed magnitude method. Magn Reson Med. 1992 Feb; 23(2):254-63. PMID: 1549040.
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      134. Mattrey RF, Schumacher DJ, Tran HT, Guo Q, Buxton R. The use of Imagent BP in diagnostic imaging research and 19F magnetic resonance for PO2 measurements. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol. 1992; 20(2-4):917-20. PMID: 1391533.
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      135. Tien RD, Buxton R, Schwaighofer BW, Chu PK. Quantitation of structural distortion of the cervical neural foramina in gradient-echo MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1991 Nov-Dec; 1(6):683-7. PMID: 1823173.
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      136. Lee HK, Nalcioglu O, Buxton R. Correction for chemical-shift artifacts in 19F imaging of PFOB: simultaneous multislice imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1991 Sep; 21(1):21-9. PMID: 1943676.
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      137. Buxton R, Greensite F. Target-point combination of MR images. Magn Reson Med. 1991 Mar; 18(1):102-15. PMID: 2062223.
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      138. Fisel CR, Ackerman JL, Buxton R, Garrido L, Belliveau JW, Rosen BR, Brady TJ. MR contrast due to microscopically heterogeneous magnetic susceptibility: numerical simulations and applications to cerebral physiology. Magn Reson Med. 1991 Feb; 17(2):336-47. PMID: 2062208.
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      139. Levenson H, Greensite F, Hoefs J, Friloux L, Applegate G, Silva E, Kanel G, Buxton R. Fatty infiltration of the liver: quantification with phase-contrast MR imaging at 1.5 T vs biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Feb; 156(2):307-12. PMID: 1898804.
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      140. Chien D, Buxton R, Kwong KK, Brady TJ, Rosen BR. MR diffusion imaging of the human brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990 Jul-Aug; 14(4):514-20. PMID: 2370348.
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      141. Senda M, Alpert NM, Mackay BC, Buxton R, Correia JA, Weise SB, Ackerman RH, Dorer D, Buonanno FS. Evaluation of the 11CO2 positron emission tomographic method for measuring brain pH. II. Quantitative pH mapping in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1989 Dec; 9(6):859-73. PMID: 2511212.
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      142. Chisin R, Buxton R, Ragozzino MW, Beaulieu PA, Fabian RL, Brady TJ. Preliminary clinical results with low flip angle spin-echo MR imaging of the head and neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Jul-Aug; 10(4):719-24. PMID: 2505500.
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      143. Mikulis DJ, Chisin R, Wismer GL, Buxton R, Weber AL, Davis KR, Rosen B. Phase-contrast imaging of the parotid region. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1989 Jan-Feb; 10(1):157-64. PMID: 2492717.
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      144. Rosen BR, Fleming DM, Kushner DC, Zaner KS, Buxton R, Bennet WP, Wismer GL, Brady TJ. Hematologic bone marrow disorders: quantitative chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology. 1988 Dec; 169(3):799-804. PMID: 3187003.
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      145. Senda M, Buxton R, Alpert NM, Correia JA, Mackay BC, Weise SB, Ackerman RH. The 15O steady-state method: correction for variation in arterial concentration. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988 Oct; 8(5):681-90. PMID: 3417795.
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      146. Alpert NM, Buxton R, Correia JA, Katz PM, Ackerman RH. Measurement of end-capillary PO2 with positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988 Jun; 8(3):403-10. PMID: 3130382.
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      147. Wismer GL, Buxton R, Rosen BR, Fisel CR, Oot RF, Brady TJ, Davis KR. Susceptibility induced MR line broadening: applications to brain iron mapping. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988 Mar-Apr; 12(2):259-65. PMID: 3351040.
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      148. Villringer A, Rosen BR, Belliveau JW, Ackerman JL, Lauffer RB, Buxton R, Chao YS, Wedeen VJ, Brady TJ. Dynamic imaging with lanthanide chelates in normal brain: contrast due to magnetic susceptibility effects. Magn Reson Med. 1988 Feb; 6(2):164-74. PMID: 3367774.
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      149. Edelman RR, Buxton R, Brady TJ. Rapid MR imaging. Magn Reson Annu. 1988; 189-216. PMID: 3079296.
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      150. Buxton R, Alpert NM, Babikian V, Weise S, Correia JA, Ackerman RH. Evaluation of the 11CO2 positron emission tomographic method for measuring brain pH. I. pH changes measured in states of altered PCO2. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987 Dec; 7(6):709-19. PMID: 3121647.
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      151. Buxton R, Edelman RR, Rosen BR, Wismer GL, Brady TJ. Contrast in rapid MR imaging: T1- and T2-weighted imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987 Jan-Feb; 11(1):7-16. PMID: 3805431.
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      152. Buxton R, Wismer GL, Brady TJ, Rosen BR. Quantitative proton chemical-shift imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1986 Dec; 3(6):881-900. PMID: 3821465.
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      153. Edelman RR, Hahn PF, Buxton R, Wittenberg J, Ferrucci JT, Saini S, Brady TJ. Rapid MR imaging with suspended respiration: clinical application in the liver. Radiology. 1986 Oct; 161(1):125-31. PMID: 3763854.
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      154. Edelman RR, Johnson K, Buxton R, Shoukimas G, Rosen BR, Davis KR, Brady TJ. MR of hemorrhage: a new approach. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1986 Sep-Oct; 7(5):751-6. PMID: 3096097.
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      155. Wedeen VJ, Rosen BR, Buxton R, Brady TJ. Projective MRI angiography and quantitative flow-volume densitometry. Magn Reson Med. 1986 Apr; 3(2):226-41. PMID: 3713488.
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      156. Brady TJ, Wismer GL, Buxton R, Stark DD, Rosen BR. Magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging. Magn Reson Annu. 1986; 55-80. PMID: 3079345.
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      157. Correia JA, Alpert NM, Buxton R, Ackerman RH. Analysis of some errors in the measurement of oxygen extraction and oxygen consumption by the equilibrium inhalation method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985 Dec; 5(4):591-9. PMID: 3877066.
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      158. Greif WL, Buxton R, Lauffer RB, Saini S, Stark DD, Wedeen VJ, Rosen BR, Brady TJ. Pulse sequence optimization for MR imaging using a paramagnetic hepatobiliary contrast agent. Radiology. 1985 Nov; 157(2):461-6. PMID: 4048456.
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      159. Wismer GL, Rosen BR, Buxton R, Stark DD, Brady TJ. Chemical shift imaging of bone marrow: preliminary experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Nov; 145(5):1031-7. PMID: 3876734.
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      160. Buxton R, Wechsler LR, Alpert NM, Ackerman RH, Elmaleh DR, Correia JA. Measurement of brain pH using 11CO2 and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1984 Mar; 4(1):8-16. PMID: 6420427.
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