Nicholas Spitzer

Title(s)Recall Faculty, Neurobiology
SchoolVc-academic Affairs
Address9500 Gilman Drive #
La Jolla CA 92093
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    Determining Fundamental Properties of Neurotransmitter Switching in Adult Mammals
    NIH R35NS116810May 1, 2020 - Apr 30, 2028
    Role: Principal Investigator
    High-Throughput Whole-Brain Screening for Drug-Induced Chemical Imbalance in the Brain
    NIH R21DA050821Apr 1, 2020 - Mar 31, 2022
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Drugs of abuse drive transmitter switching that causes drug-induced behavior
    NIH R21DA048633Aug 1, 2019 - Jul 31, 2021
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Running-induced Neurotransmitter Switching Enhances Acquisition of Motor Skills
    NIH R56NS107549Apr 1, 2019 - Mar 31, 2021
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Neurotransmitter Switching and Its Function in Hippocampal Plasticity
    NIH R21MH105706Sep 10, 2014 - Aug 31, 2017
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Analysis of Activity Dependent Mechanisms of Neuronal Differentiation
    NIH R01NS057690Dec 1, 2006 - Jan 31, 2020
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Mechanisms of Calcium Transients in Neuronal Development
    NIH R01MH074702Jun 1, 2006 - Aug 31, 2011
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Mechanisms of Calcium Transients in Neuronal Development
    NIH R56MH074702Sep 25, 2005 - May 31, 2006
    Role: Principal Investigator
    MECHANISMS OF GENERATION OF GROWTH CONE CALCIUM WAVES
    NIH R01NS037002Sep 8, 1998 - Aug 31, 2002
    Role: Principal Investigator
    TARGET GENES OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN XENOPUS
    NIH F06TW001998Aug 17, 1994
    Role: Principal Investigator
    INDUCTION AND COMPENTENCE IN THE RETINA
    NIH R01EY010422Jul 1, 1994 - Jun 30, 1998
    Role: Principal Investigator
    FORMATION OF NEURAL PATHWAYS IN THE EMBRYO
    NIH R01EY010770Jul 1, 1994 - Jun 30, 1997
    Role: Principal Investigator
    MOLECULAR AND BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF NEURONAL SIGNALING
    NIH P01NS025916Mar 1, 1988 - Feb 28, 1997
    Role: Co-Investigator
    FORMATION OF NEURAL PATHWAYS IN THE AMPHIBIAN EMBRYO
    NIH K04HD000528Jul 1, 1983 - Jun 30, 1988
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Neural Circuits Postdoctoral Training Program
    NIH T32NS007220Jul 1, 1982 - Jun 30, 2024
    Role: Principal Investigator
    FORMATION OF NEURAL PATHWAYS IN THE EMBRYO
    NIH R01HD014490Sep 30, 1980 - May 31, 1993
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Development of Neurons
    NIH R01NS015918Jan 1, 1980 - Mar 31, 2019
    Role: Principal Investigator
    Development of Neurons
    NIH R56NS015918Jan 1, 1980 - Jun 30, 2014
    Role: Principal Investigator

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    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Hormone-switching islet cells: parallels to transmitter-switching neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2025; 13:1587893. Dor Y, Spitzer NC. PMID: 40356600; PMCID: PMC12066745.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    2. Drugs of abuse drive neurotransmitter plasticity that alters behavior: implications for mental health. Front Behav Neurosci. 2025; 19:1551213. Pratelli M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 40177329; PMCID: PMC11962007.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    3. Lynn T. Landmesser (1943-2024). Nat Neurosci. 2025 Mar; 28(3):431-432. Spitzer NC, Strowbridge BW. PMID: 39885291.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    4. How the brain produces generalized fear. Clin Transl Med. 2025 Jan; 15(1):e70124. Li HQ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 39825472; PMCID: PMC11756554.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    
    5. Drug-induced change in transmitter identity is a shared mechanism generating cognitive deficits. Nat Commun. 2024 Sep 26; 15(1):8260. Pratelli M, Hakimi AM, Thaker A, Jang H, Li HQ, Godavarthi SK, Lim BK, Spitzer NC. PMID: 39327428; PMCID: PMC11427679.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    6. Embryonic exposure to environmental factors drives transmitter switching in the neonatal mouse cortex causing autistic-like adult behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Aug 27; 121(35):e2406928121. Godavarthi SK, Li HQ, Pratelli M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 39178233; PMCID: PMC11363343.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    7. Breast cancer cell-secreted miR-199b-5p hijacks neurometabolic coupling to promote brain metastasis. Nat Commun. 2024 May 29; 15(1):4549. Ruan X, Yan W, Cao M, Daza RAM, Fong MY, Yang K, Wu J, Liu X, Palomares M, Wu X, Li A, Chen Y, Jandial R, Spitzer NC, Hevner RF, Wang SE. PMID: 38811525; PMCID: PMC11137082.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    8. Postsynaptic receptors regulate presynaptic transmitter stability through transsynaptic bridges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Apr 09; 121(15):e2318041121. Godavarthi SK, Hiramoto M, Ignatyev Y, Levin JB, Li HQ, Pratelli M, Borchardt J, Czajkowski C, Borodinsky LN, Sweeney L, Cline HT, Spitzer NC. PMID: 38568976; PMCID: PMC11009644.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    9. Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity. Science. 2024 03 15; 383(6688):1252-1259. Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Pratelli M, Chen C, Gupta V, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. PMID: 38484078; PMCID: PMC11830151.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    10. Bioelectronic Medicine: a multidisciplinary roadmap from biophysics to precision therapies. Front Integr Neurosci. 2024; 18:1321872. González-González MA, Conde SV, Latorre R, Thébault SC, Pratelli M, Spitzer NC, Verkhratsky A, Tremblay MÈ, Akcora CG, Hernández-Reynoso AG, Ecker M, Coates J, Vincent KL, Ma B. PMID: 38440417; PMCID: PMC10911101.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7  
    11. Drug-induced change in transmitter identity is a shared mechanism generating cognitive deficits. Res Sq. 2023 Dec 13. Pratelli M, Hakimi AM, Thaker A, Li HQ, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. PMID: 38168375; PMCID: PMC10760249.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    12. Viral vector-mediated transgene delivery with novel recombinase systems for targeting neuronal populations defined by multiple features. Neuron. 2024 Jan 03; 112(1):56-72.e4. Jeong M, Choi JH, Jang H, Sohn DH, Wang Q, Lee J, Yao L, Lee EJ, Fan J, Pratelli M, Wang EH, Snyder CN, Wang XY, Shin S, Gittis AH, Sung TC, Spitzer NC, Lim BK. PMID: 37909037; PMCID: PMC10916502.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    13. Generalized fear following acute stress is caused by change in co-transmitter identity of serotonergic neurons. bioRxiv. 2023 May 11. Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Gupta V, Chen C, Pratelli M, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. PMID: 37214936; PMCID: PMC10197626.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    14. Wafer-scale epitaxial modulation of quantum dot density. Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 28; 13(1):1633. Bart N, Dangel C, Zajac P, Spitzer N, Ritzmann J, Schmidt M, Babin HG, Schott R, Valentin SR, Scholz S, Wang Y, Uppu R, Najer D, Löbl MC, Tomm N, Javadi A, Antoniadis NO, Midolo L, Müller K, Warburton RJ, Lodahl P, Wieck AD, Finley JJ, Ludwig A. PMID: 35347120; PMCID: PMC8960873.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    
    15. Decoding Neurotransmitter Switching: The Road Forward. J Neurosci. 2020 05 20; 40(21):4078-4089. Li HQ, Pratelli M, Godavarthi S, Zambetti S, Spitzer NC. PMID: 32434858; PMCID: PMC7244194.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    16. Exercise enhances motor skill learning by neurotransmitter switching in the adult midbrain. Nat Commun. 2020 05 04; 11(1):2195. Li HQ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 32366867; PMCID: PMC7198516.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 37     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    17. Mechanism for neurotransmitter-receptor matching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 02 25; 117(8):4368-4374. Hammond-Weinberger DR, Wang Y, Glavis-Bloom A, Spitzer NC. PMID: 32041885; PMCID: PMC7049162.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    18. IGFBP2 Plays an Essential Role in Cognitive Development during Early Life. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2019 Dec; 6(23):1901152. Khan S, Lu X, Huang Q, Tang J, Weng J, Yang Z, Lv M, Xu X, Xia F, Zhang M, Li Y, Liu S, Leng G, Spitzer N, Du J, Chen X. PMID: 31832311; PMCID: PMC6891907.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    
    19. Photoperiod-induced neurotransmitter plasticity declines with aging: An epigenetic regulation? J Comp Neurol. 2020 02 01; 528(2):199-210. Pritchard R, Chen H, Romoli B, Spitzer NC, Dulcis D. PMID: 31343079.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    20. Neuronal activity regulates neurotransmitter switching in the adult brain following light-induced stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 05 15; 115(20):5064-5071. Meng D, Li HQ, Deisseroth K, Leutgeb S, Spitzer NC. PMID: 29686073; PMCID: PMC5960321.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 29     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    21. Neurotransmitter Switching Regulated by miRNAs Controls Changes in Social Preference. Neuron. 2017 Sep 13; 95(6):1319-1333.e5. Dulcis D, Lippi G, Stark CJ, Do LH, Berg DK, Spitzer NC. PMID: 28867550; PMCID: PMC5893310.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    22. Neurotransmitter Switching in the Developing and Adult Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2017 07 25; 40:1-19. Spitzer NC. PMID: 28301776.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 53     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    23. Differences in Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Associated with Summer and Winter Photoperiods in Humans. PLoS One. 2016; 11(7):e0158847. Aumann TD, Raabus M, Tomas D, Prijanto A, Churilov L, Spitzer NC, Horne MK. PMID: 27428306; PMCID: PMC4948786.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    24. DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE. Neurotransmitter-tailored dendritic trees. Science. 2015 Oct 30; 350(6260):510-1. Spitzer NC. PMID: 26516267.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    25. Editorial: Dynamics of cyclic nucleotide signaling in neurons. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015; 9:296. Vincent P, Spitzer NC. PMID: 26283926; PMCID: PMC4522550.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    26. Neurotransmitter Switching? No Surprise. Neuron. 2015 Jun 03; 86(5):1131-44. Spitzer NC. PMID: 26050033; PMCID: PMC4458710.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 44     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    27. Modeling non-syndromic autism and the impact of TRPC6 disruption in human neurons. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Nov; 20(11):1350-65. Griesi-Oliveira K, Acab A, Gupta AR, Sunaga DY, Chailangkarn T, Nicol X, Nunez Y, Walker MF, Murdoch JD, Sanders SJ, Fernandez TV, Ji W, Lifton RP, Vadasz E, Dietrich A, Pradhan D, Song H, Ming GL, Gu X, Haddad G, Marchetto MC, Spitzer N, Passos-Bueno MR, State MW, Muotri AR. PMID: 25385366; PMCID: PMC4427554.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 115     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    28. Non-cell-autonomous mechanism of activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching. Neuron. 2014 Jun 04; 82(5):1004-16. Guemez-Gamboa A, Xu L, Meng D, Spitzer NC. PMID: 24908484; PMCID: PMC4072120.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 25     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    29. Development of GABA circuitry of fast-spiking basket interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of erbb4-mutant mice. J Neurosci. 2013 Dec 11; 33(50):19724-33. Yang JM, Zhang J, Chen XJ, Geng HY, Ye M, Spitzer NC, Luo JH, Duan SM, Li XM. PMID: 24336736; PMCID: PMC6618765.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    30. The challenge of connecting the dots in the B.R.A.I.N. Neuron. 2013 Oct 16; 80(2):270-4. Devor A, Bandettini PA, Boas DA, Bower JM, Buxton RB, Cohen LB, Dale AM, Einevoll GT, Fox PT, Franceschini MA, Friston KJ, Fujimoto JG, Geyer MA, Greenberg JH, Halgren E, Hämäläinen MS, Helmchen F, Hyman BT, Jasanoff A, Jernigan TL, Judd LL, Kim SG, Kleinfeld D, Kopell NJ, Kutas M, Kwong KK, Larkum ME, Lo EH, Magistretti PJ, Mandeville JB, Masliah E, Mitra PP, Mobley WC, Moskowitz MA, Nimmerjahn A, Reynolds JH, Rosen BR, Salzberg BM, Schaffer CB, Silva GA, So PT, Spitzer NC, Tootell RB, Van Essen DC, Vanduffel W, Vinogradov SA, Wald LL, Wang LV, Weber B, Yodh AG. PMID: 24139032; PMCID: PMC3864648.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 31     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    31. Imaging and manipulating calcium transients in developing Xenopus spinal neurons. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2013 Jul 01; 2013(7):653-64. Spitzer NC, Borodinsky LN, Root CM. PMID: 23818661.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    32. Neurotransmitter switching in the adult brain regulates behavior. Science. 2013 Apr 26; 340(6131):449-53. Dulcis D, Jamshidi P, Leutgeb S, Spitzer NC. PMID: 23620046.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 141     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    33. Activity-dependent competition regulates motor neuron axon pathfinding via PlexinA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 22; 110(4):1524-9. Plazas PV, Nicol X, Spitzer NC. PMID: 23302694; PMCID: PMC3557035.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    34. Reserve pool neuron transmitter respecification: Novel neuroplasticity. Dev Neurobiol. 2012 Apr; 72(4):465-74. Dulcis D, Spitzer NC. PMID: 21595049; PMCID: PMC3192250.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 18     Fields:    
    35. Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Jan 18; 13(2):94-106. Spitzer NC. PMID: 22251956; PMCID: PMC4352171.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 76     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    36. Neurotransmitter phenotype plasticity: an unexpected mechanism in the toolbox of network activity homeostasis. Dev Neurobiol. 2012 Jan; 72(1):22-32. Demarque M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 21557513; PMCID: PMC3209552.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    
    37. Calcium signaling in neuronal development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011 Oct 01; 3(10):a004259. Rosenberg SS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 21730044; PMCID: PMC3179332.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 139     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    38. Spatial and temporal second messenger codes for growth cone turning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 16; 108(33):13776-81. Nicol X, Hong KP, Spitzer NC. PMID: 21795610; PMCID: PMC3158175.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 46     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    39. Improved molecular toolkit for cAMP studies in live cells. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Jul 20; 4:241. Hong KP, Spitzer NC, Nicol X. PMID: 21774821; PMCID: PMC3152522.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9     Fields:    
    40. Genetic patterns of correlation among subcortical volumes in humans: results from a magnetic resonance imaging twin study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011 Apr; 32(4):641-53. Eyler LT, Prom-Wormley E, Fennema-Notestine C, Panizzon MS, Neale MC, Jernigan TL, Fischl B, Franz CE, Lyons MJ, Stevens A, Pacheco J, Perry ME, Schmitt JE, Spitzer NC, Seidman LJ, Thermenos HW, Tsuang MT, Dale AM, Kremen WS. PMID: 20572207; PMCID: PMC3403693.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    41. Contexts for dopamine specification by calcium spike activity in the CNS. J Neurosci. 2011 Jan 05; 31(1):78-88. Velázquez-Ulloa NA, Spitzer NC, Dulcis D. PMID: 21209192; PMCID: PMC3080040.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 16     Fields:    
    42. Phenotypic checkpoints regulate neuronal development. Trends Neurosci. 2010 Nov; 33(11):485-92. Ben-Ari Y, Spitzer NC. PMID: 20864191; PMCID: PMC2963711.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 42     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    43. Activity-dependent expression of Lmx1b regulates specification of serotonergic neurons modulating swimming behavior. Neuron. 2010 Jul 29; 67(2):321-34. Demarque M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 20670838; PMCID: PMC2913149.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 50     Fields:    
    44. cJun integrates calcium activity and tlx3 expression to regulate neurotransmitter specification. Nat Neurosci. 2010 Aug; 13(8):944-50. Marek KW, Kurtz LM, Spitzer NC. PMID: 20581840; PMCID: PMC2910808.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 49     Fields:    
    45. Target-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter specification and embryonic neuronal calcium spike activity. J Neurosci. 2010 Apr 21; 30(16):5792-801. Xiao Q, Xu L, Spitzer NC. PMID: 20410131; PMCID: PMC2871059.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    
    46. How GABA generates depolarization. J Physiol. 2010 Mar 01; 588(Pt 5):757-8. Spitzer NC. PMID: 20194137; PMCID: PMC2834934.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    47. Brain awareness week and beyond: encouraging the next generation. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2009; 8(1):A61-5. McNerney CD, Chang EJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 23493673; PMCID: PMC3592700.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5  
    48. Spontaneous calcium spike activity in embryonic spinal neurons is regulated by developmental expression of the Na+, K+-ATPase beta3 subunit. J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 17; 29(24):7877-85. Chang LW, Spitzer NC. PMID: 19535599; PMCID: PMC3090545.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    
    49. Neuroscience: A bar code for differentiation. Nature. 2009 Apr 16; 458(7240):843-4. Spitzer NC. PMID: 19370023.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    50. We've got NERVE: a call to arms for neuroscience education. J Neurosci. 2009 Mar 18; 29(11):3337-9. Frantz KJ, McNerney CD, Spitzer NC. PMID: 19295139; PMCID: PMC6665258.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    51. Illumination controls differentiation of dopamine neurons regulating behaviour. Nature. 2008 Nov 13; 456(7219):195-201. Dulcis D, Spitzer NC. PMID: 19005547; PMCID: PMC2803045.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 50     Fields:    
    52. A Rosetta stone for analysis of human membrane protein function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 05; 105(31):10641-2. Spitzer NC. PMID: 18669649; PMCID: PMC2504841.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    53. Embryonically expressed GABA and glutamate drive electrical activity regulating neurotransmitter specification. J Neurosci. 2008 Apr 30; 28(18):4777-84. Root CM, Velázquez-Ulloa NA, Monsalve GC, Minakova E, Spitzer NC. PMID: 18448654; PMCID: PMC3318922.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 44     Fields:    
    54. Implications of activity-dependent neurotransmitter-receptor matching. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Apr 12; 363(1495):1393-9. Spitzer NC, Borodinsky LN. PMID: 18198155; PMCID: PMC2610128.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    55. Neurite outgrowth and in vivo sensory innervation mediated by a Ca(V)2.2-laminin beta 2 stop signal. J Neurosci. 2008 Mar 05; 28(10):2366-74. Sann SB, Xu L, Nishimune H, Sanes JR, Spitzer NC. PMID: 18322083; PMCID: PMC6671202.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 14     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    56. Calcium: first messenger. Nat Neurosci. 2008 Mar; 11(3):243-4. Spitzer NC. PMID: 18301428.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    57. Activity-dependent neurotransmitter-receptor matching at the neuromuscular junction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 02; 104(1):335-40. Borodinsky LN, Spitzer NC. PMID: 17190810; PMCID: PMC1749326.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 45     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    58. Electrical activity in early neuronal development. Nature. 2006 Dec 07; 444(7120):707-12. Spitzer NC. PMID: 17151658.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 274     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    59. Second messenger pas de deux: the coordinated dance between calcium and cAMP. Sci STKE. 2006 May 23; 2006(336):pe22. Borodinsky LN, Spitzer NC. PMID: 16720840.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 20     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    60. Local calcium transients contribute to disappearance of pFAK, focal complex removal and deadhesion of neuronal growth cones and fibroblasts. Dev Biol. 2005 Nov 01; 287(1):201-12. Conklin MW, Lin MS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 16202989.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 12     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    61. Homeostatic activity-dependent paradigm for neurotransmitter specification. Cell Calcium. 2005 May; 37(5):417-23. Spitzer NC, Borodinsky LN, Root CM. PMID: 15820389.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    62. Calcium in the function of the nervous system: new implications. Cell Calcium. 2005 May; 37(5):371-4. Bregestovski P, Spitzer N. PMID: 15820383.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    63. Orchestrating neuronal differentiation: patterns of Ca2+ spikes specify transmitter choice. Trends Neurosci. 2004 Jul; 27(7):415-21. Spitzer NC, Root CM, Borodinsky LN. PMID: 15219741.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    64. Nature and nurture in brain development. Trends Neurosci. 2004 Jul; 27(7):361. Ben-Ari Y, Spitzer NC. PMID: 15219731.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    65. Activity-dependent homeostatic specification of transmitter expression in embryonic neurons. Nature. 2004 Jun 03; 429(6991):523-30. Borodinsky LN, Root CM, Cronin JA, Sann SB, Gu X, Spitzer NC. PMID: 15175743.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 149     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    66. Coincidence detection enhances appropriate wiring of the nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13; 101(15):5311-2. Spitzer NC. PMID: 15067118; PMCID: PMC397370.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    67. Calcium transients regulate patterned actin assembly during myofibrillogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2004 Feb; 229(2):231-42. Li H, Cook JD, Terry M, Spitzer NC, Ferrari MB. PMID: 14745949.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    68. Dynamic interactions of cyclic AMP transients and spontaneous Ca(2+) spikes. Nature. 2002 Jul 04; 418(6893):93-6. Gorbunova YV, Spitzer NC. PMID: 12097913.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 50     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    69. Outside and in: development of neuronal excitability. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002 Jun; 12(3):315-23. Spitzer NC, Kingston PA, Manning TJ, Conklin MW. PMID: 12049939.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 25     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    70. Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones. Nature. 2002 May 23; 417(6887):411-8. Ming GL, Wong ST, Henley J, Yuan XB, Song HJ, Spitzer NC, Poo MM. PMID: 11986620.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 100     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    71. Activity-dependent neuronal differentiation prior to synapse formation: the functions of calcium transients. J Physiol Paris. 2002 Jan-Mar; 96(1-2):73-80. Spitzer NC. PMID: 11755785.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 38     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    72. Filopodial calcium transients promote substrate-dependent growth cone turning. Science. 2001 Mar 09; 291(5510):1983-7. Gomez TM, Robles E, Poo M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 11239161.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 83     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    73. Differentiation of electrical excitability in motoneurons. Brain Res Bull. 2000 Nov 15; 53(5):547-52. Spitzer NC, Vincent A, Lautermilch NJ. PMID: 11165790.
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    74. Specific frequencies of spontaneous Ca2+ transients upregulate GAD 67 transcripts in embryonic spinal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2000 Oct; 16(4):376-87. Watt SD, Gu X, Smith RD, Spitzer NC. PMID: 11085875.
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    75. Coding of neuronal differentiation by calcium transients. Bioessays. 2000 Sep; 22(9):811-7. Spitzer NC, Lautermilch NJ, Smith RD, Gomez TM. PMID: 10944583.
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    76. Antisense suppression of potassium channel expression demonstrates its role in maturation of the action potential. J Neurosci. 2000 Aug 15; 20(16):6087-94. Vincent A, Lautermilch NJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10934258; PMCID: PMC6772606.
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    77. Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium: new dynamics to earlier perspectives. J Neurobiol. 2000 Aug; 44(2):174-83. Gomez TM, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10934320.
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    78. Sustained upregulation in embryonic spinal neurons of a Kv3.1 potassium channel gene encoding a delayed rectifier current. J Neurobiol. 2000 Feb 15; 42(3):347-56. Gurantz D, Lautermilch NJ, Watt SD, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10645974.
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    79. Regulation of calcineurin by growth cone calcium waves controls neurite extension. J Neurosci. 2000 Jan 01; 20(1):315-25. Lautermilch NJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10627609; PMCID: PMC6774125.
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    80. Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors and spontaneous presynaptic transmitter release at developing excitatory spinal synapses. J Neurosci. 1999 Oct 01; 19(19):8528-41. Rohrbough J, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10493753; PMCID: PMC6783006.
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    81. Calcium signaling in the developing Xenopus myotome. Dev Biol. 1999 Sep 15; 213(2):269-82. Ferrari MB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 10479447.
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    82. New dimensions of neuronal plasticity. Nat Neurosci. 1999 Jun; 2(6):489-91. Spitzer NC. PMID: 10448206.
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    83. In vivo regulation of axon extension and pathfinding by growth-cone calcium transients. Nature. 1999 Jan 28; 397(6717):350-5. Gomez TM, Spitzer NC. PMID: 9950427.
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    84. Properties of ectopic neurons induced by Xenopus neurogenin1 misexpression. Mol Cell Neurosci. 1998 Nov; 12(4-5):281-99. Olson EC, Schinder AF, Dantzker JL, Marcus EA, Spitzer NC, Harris WA. PMID: 9828092.
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    85. Development of electrical excitability in embryonic neurons: mechanisms and roles. J Neurobiol. 1998 Oct; 37(1):190-7. Spitzer NC, Ribera AB. PMID: 9777741.
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    86. Development of electrical excitability: mechanisms and roles. J Neurobiol. 1998 Oct; 37(1):1-2. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 9777728.
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    87. Blockade of ryanodine receptors stimulates neurite outgrowth in embryos of Spisula solidissima. Biol Bull. 1998 Oct; 195(2):206-7. Jessen-Eller K, Steele M, Reinisch C, Spitzer N. PMID: 9818372.
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    88. A calcium signaling cascade essential for myosin thick filament assembly in Xenopus myocytes. J Cell Biol. 1998 Jun 15; 141(6):1349-56. Ferrari MB, Ribbeck K, Hagler DJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 9628891; PMCID: PMC2132793.
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    89. AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed by differentiating Xenopus spinal neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jun; 79(6):2986-98. Gleason EL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 9636102.
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    90. Biological information processing: bits of progress. Science. 1997 Aug 22; 277(5329):1060-1. Spitzer NC, Sejnowski TJ. PMID: 9289851.
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    91. Purposeful patterns of spontaneous calcium transients in embryonic spinal neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 1997 Feb; 8(1):13-9. Spitzer NC, Gu X. PMID: 15001100.
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    92. Breaking the code: regulation of neuronal differentiation by spontaneous calcium transients. Dev Neurosci. 1997; 19(1):33-41. Gu X, Spitzer NC. PMID: 9078431.
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    93. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in glutamate neurotoxicity. J Neurosci. 1996 Oct 01; 16(19):6125-33. Schinder AF, Olson EC, Spitzer NC, Montal M. PMID: 8815895; PMCID: PMC6579180.
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    94. Spontaneous calcium transients regulate myofibrillogenesis in embryonic Xenopus myocytes. Dev Biol. 1996 Sep 15; 178(2):484-97. Ferrari MB, Rohrbough J, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8812144.
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    95. Temporal regulation of Shaker- and Shab-like potassium channel gene expression in single embryonic spinal neurons during K+ current development. J Neurosci. 1996 May 15; 16(10):3287-95. Gurantz D, Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8627366; PMCID: PMC6579153.
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    96. Regulation of intracellular Cl- levels by Na(+)-dependent Cl- cotransport distinguishes depolarizing from hyperpolarizing GABAA receptor-mediated responses in spinal neurons. J Neurosci. 1996 Jan; 16(1):82-91. Rohrbough J, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8613812; PMCID: PMC6578715.
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    97. Distinct aspects of neuronal differentiation encoded by frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients. Nature. 1995 Jun 29; 375(6534):784-7. Gu X, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7596410.
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    98. Convertible modes of inactivation of potassium channels in Xenopus myocytes differentiating in vitro. J Physiol. 1995 Apr 15; 484 ( Pt 2):313-29. Ernsberger U, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7602528; PMCID: PMC1157896.
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    99. Spontaneous calcium transients regulate neuronal plasticity in developing neurons. J Neurobiol. 1995 Mar; 26(3):316-24. Spitzer NC, Olson E, Gu X. PMID: 7775965.
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    100. Spontaneous activity: functions of calcium transients in neuronal differentiation. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1995; 2(4):379-86. Spitzer NC. PMID: 7757407.
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    101. Spontaneous neuronal calcium spikes and waves during early differentiation. J Neurosci. 1994 Nov; 14(11 Pt 1):6325-35. Gu X, Olson EC, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7965039; PMCID: PMC6577261.
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    102. Spontaneous Ca2+ spikes and waves in embryonic neurons: signaling systems for differentiation. Trends Neurosci. 1994 Mar; 17(3):115-8. Spitzer NC. PMID: 7515527.
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    103. Action potentials, calcium transients and the control of differentiation of excitable cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994 Feb; 4(1):70-7. Spitzer NC, Gu X, Olson E. PMID: 7513567.
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    104. Development of voltage-dependent and ligand-gated channels in excitable membranes. Prog Brain Res. 1994; 102:169-79. Spitzer NC. PMID: 7528434.
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    105. Calcium and gene expression. Prog Brain Res. 1994; 103:123-6. Spitzer NC. PMID: 7886200.
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    106. Calcium dependence of differentiation of GABA immunoreactivity in spinal neurons. J Comp Neurol. 1993 Nov 01; 337(1):168-75. Spitzer NC, Debaca RC, Allen KA, Holliday J. PMID: 7506271.
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    107. Low-threshold Ca2+ current and its role in spontaneous elevations of intracellular Ca2+ in developing Xenopus neurons. J Neurosci. 1993 Nov; 13(11):4936-48. Gu X, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8229206; PMCID: PMC6576353.
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    108. In vivo development of voltage-dependent ionic currents in embryonic Xenopus spinal neurons. J Neurosci. 1993 Jun; 13(6):2575-81. Desarmenien MG, Clendening B, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8501523; PMCID: PMC6576497.
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    109. Calcium regulates neuronal differentiation both directly and via co-cultured myocytes. J Neurobiol. 1993 Apr; 24(4):506-14. Holliday J, Spitzer NC. PMID: 8515253.
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    110. Reconstruction of action potential development from whole-cell currents of differentiating spinal neurons. J Neurosci. 1992 Jun; 12(6):2268-87. Lockery SR, Spitzer NC. PMID: 1607940; PMCID: PMC6575926.
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    111. Developmental regulation of potassium channels and the impact on neuronal differentiation. Ion Channels. 1992; 3:1-38. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 1421060.
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    112. Role of calcium and protein kinase C in development of the delayed rectifier potassium current in Xenopus spinal neurons. Neuron. 1991 Nov; 7(5):797-805. Desarmenien MG, Spitzer NC. PMID: 1742026.
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    113. Calcium-induced release of calcium regulates differentiation of cultured spinal neurons. Neuron. 1991 Nov; 7(5):787-96. Holliday J, Adams RJ, Sejnowski TJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 1742025.
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    114. A developmental handshake: neuronal control of ionic currents and their control of neuronal differentiation. J Neurobiol. 1991 Oct; 22(7):659-73. Spitzer NC. PMID: 1722506.
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    115. Differentiation of delayed rectifier potassium current in embryonic amphibian myocytes. Dev Biol. 1991 Mar; 144(1):119-28. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 1995391.
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    116. Spontaneous calcium influx and its roles in differentiation of spinal neurons in culture. Dev Biol. 1990 Sep; 141(1):13-23. Holliday J, Spitzer NC. PMID: 2167857.
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    117. Differentiation of IKA in amphibian spinal neurons. J Neurosci. 1990 Jun; 10(6):1886-91. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 2355255; PMCID: PMC6570320.
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    118. A critical period of transcription required for differentiation of the action potential of spinal neurons. Neuron. 1989 Jan; 2(1):1055-62. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 2483107.
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    119. Changes in densities and kinetics of delayed rectifier potassium channels during neuronal differentiation. Neuron. 1988 Oct; 1(8):739-50. Harris GL, Henderson LP, Spitzer NC. PMID: 3272186.
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    120. Development of voltage-dependent calcium, sodium, and potassium currents in Xenopus spinal neurons. J Neurosci. 1988 Mar; 8(3):792-805. O'Dowd DK, Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 3346722; PMCID: PMC6569247.
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    121. Both barium and calcium activate neuronal potassium currents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep; 84(18):6577-81. Ribera AB, Spitzer NC. PMID: 2442762; PMCID: PMC299122.
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    122. Autonomous early differentiation of neurons and muscle cells in single cell cultures. Dev Biol. 1986 Feb; 113(2):381-7. Henderson LP, Spitzer NC. PMID: 2868950.
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    123. The changing view of neural specificity. Science. 1985 Nov 01; 230(4725):507-11. Easter SS, Purves D, Rakic P, Spitzer NC. PMID: 4048944.
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    124. The absence of calcium blocks impulse-evoked release of acetylcholine but not de novo formation of functional neuromuscular synaptic contacts in culture. J Neurosci. 1984 Dec; 4(12):3140-50. Henderson LP, Smith MA, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6094749; PMCID: PMC6564847.
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    125. On the basis of delayed depolarization and its role in repetitive firing of Rohon-Beard neurones in Xenopus tadpoles. J Physiol. 1984 Dec; 357:51-65. Spitzer NC. PMID: 6512703; PMCID: PMC1193246.
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    126. Early differentiation of vertebrate spinal neurons in the absence of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and Na+ influx. Dev Biol. 1984 Nov; 106(1):89-96. Bixby JL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6092180.
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    127. The appearance and development of neurotransmitter sensitivity in Xenopus embryonic spinal neurones in vitro. J Physiol. 1984 Aug; 353:143-55. Bixby JL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6148408; PMCID: PMC1193299.
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    128. Enkephalin reduces calcium action potentials in Rohon-Beard neurons in vivo. J Neurosci. 1983 May; 3(5):1014-8. Bixby JL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6842279; PMCID: PMC6564501.
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    129. Enkephalin reduces quantal content at the frog neuromuscular junction. Nature. 1983 Feb 03; 301(5899):431-2. Bixby JL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6823319.
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    130. Voltage- and stage-dependent uncoupling of Rohon-Beard neurones during embryonic development of Xenopus tadpoles. J Physiol. 1982 Sep; 330:145-62. Spitzer NC. PMID: 7175739; PMCID: PMC1225291.
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    131. The appearance and development of chemosensitivity in Rohon-Beard neurones of the Xenopus spinal cord. J Physiol. 1982 Sep; 330:513-36. Bixby JL, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6294289; PMCID: PMC1225313.
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    132. The development of electrical properties of identified neurones in grasshopper embryos. J Physiol. 1981; 313:385-403. Goodman CS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7277228; PMCID: PMC1274458.
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    133. The mature electrical properties of identified neurones in grasshopper embryos. J Physiol. 1981; 313:369-84. Goodman CS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7277226; PMCID: PMC1274457.
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    134. Embryonic development of identified neurons: origin and transformation of the H cell. J Neurosci. 1981 Jan; 1(1):94-102. Goodman CS, Bate M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7346562; PMCID: PMC6564154.
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    135. Embryonic development of identified neurons: segment-specific differences in the H cell homologues. J Neurosci. 1981 Jan; 1(1):103-6. Bate M, Goodman CS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 7346554; PMCID: PMC6564157.
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    136. Electrical excitability: a spectrum of properties in the progeny of a single embryonic neuroblast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar; 77(3):1676-80. Goodman CS, Pearson KG, Spitzer NC. PMID: 6246499; PMCID: PMC348560.
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    137. Reassembly of protein-lipid complexes into large bilayer vesicles: perspectives for membrane reconstitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jan; 77(1):239-43. Darszon A, Vandenberg CA, Schönfeld M, Ellisman MH, Spitzer NC, Montal M. PMID: 6244547; PMCID: PMC348244.
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    138. Embryonic development of identified neurones: differentiation from neuroblast to neurone. Nature. 1979 Jul 19; 280(5719):208-14. Goodman CS, Spitzer NC. PMID: 450137.
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    139. Embryonic development of identified neurons: temporal pattern of morphological and biochemical differentiation. Science. 1979 Jun 15; 204(4398):1219-22. Goodman CS, O'Shea M, McCaman R, Spitzer NC. PMID: 36661.
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    140. Ultrastructural development of Rohon-Beard neurons: loss of intramitochondrial granules parallels loss of calcium action potentials. J Comp Neurol. 1979 Feb 15; 183(4):741-52. Lamborghini JE, Revenaugh M, Spitzer NC. PMID: 762270.
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    141. Low pH selectively blocks calcium action potentials in amphibian neurons developing in culture. Brain Res. 1979 Feb 09; 161(3):555-9. Spitzer NC. PMID: 33747.
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    142. Ion channels in development. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1979; 2:363-97. Spitzer NC. PMID: 395884.
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    143. Developmental changes in the inward current of the action potential of Rohon-Beard neurones. J Physiol. 1977 Sep; 271(1):93-117. Baccaglini PI, Spitzer NC. PMID: 915836; PMCID: PMC1353609.
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    144. Development of the action potential in embryo amphibian neurons in vivo. Brain Res. 1976 May 14; 107(3):610-6. Spitzer NC, Baccaglini PI. PMID: 1268744.
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    145. The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 May; 73(5):1641-5. Spitzer NC, Lamborghini JE. PMID: 1064036; PMCID: PMC430355.
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    146. The ionic basis of the resting potential and a slow depolarizing response in Rohon-Beard neurones of Xenopus tadpoles. J Physiol. 1976 Feb; 255(1):105-35. Spitzer NC. PMID: 1255512; PMCID: PMC1309237.
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    147. Regulation of adenosine 3' :5'-monophosphate efflux from rat glioma cells in culture*. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jun 10; 250(11):4371-2. Doore BJ, Bashor MM, Spitzer N, Mawe RC, Saier MH. PMID: 165200.
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    148. Absence of action potentials in frog slow muscle fibres paralysed by botulinum toxin. J Physiol. 1974 Aug; 241(1):183-99. Miledi R, Spitzer NC. PMID: 4371279; PMCID: PMC1331080.
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    149. Action of botulinum toxin on transmission from sympathetic nerves to the vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol. 1973 Feb; 47(2):431-3. Holman ME, Spitzer NC. PMID: 4352870; PMCID: PMC1776555.
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    150. Viewing neuromuscular junctions in live, unstained skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1971 Jul; 216(1):35P-37P. McMahan UJ, Spitzer NC. PMID: 5558366.
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    151. Low resistance connections between cells in the developing anther of the lily. J Cell Biol. 1970 Jun; 45(3):565-75. Spitzer NC. PMID: 4918215; PMCID: PMC2107936.
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