Carlos Gould

Title(s)Assistant Professor, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science
SchoolVc-health Sciences-schools
Address9500 Gilman Drive #
La Jolla CA 92093
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0002-7736-3905 Additional info
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    Stanford University, Stanford, CAPostdoc2023Earth System Science
    Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NYPhD2021Environmental Health Sciences
    Yale University, New Haven, CTBA2015Environmental Studies

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    I am an environmental health scientist quantifying the impacts of environmental exposures—such as air pollution and temperature extremes—on human health. My research rigorously examines the social and behavioral determinants of these exposures, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable communities. By integrating epidemiological methods with exposure science, I evaluate interventions like the shift from traditional biomass to clean cooking fuels, which can reduce air pollution, improve health outcomes, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Ultimately, my work informs policy strategies and climate adaptation programs that deliver immediate and long-term public health benefits.

    In the classroom, I work to develop critical thinkers and clear communicators who understand how science can drive positive change. I connect theory with real-world examples—from climate solutions to addressing environmental injustices—to make learning engaging and relevant. At UCSD I teach “Introduction to environmental and occupational health” for undergraduates. I also teach “Data visualization in health sciences: theory and application using open-source software” – a hands-on experience in which we explore the underpinnings of high-quality visualizations to convey data and results to academics and the public using R statistical software and other commonly-used open-source tools.

    I am committed to creating a supportive, inclusive environment where students can freely share ideas and grow. Through mentoring, I guide students on research projects and career goals, helping them become the next generation of leaders in environmental health.

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    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
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    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Associations of PFAS and pesticides with lung function changes from adolescence to young adulthood in the ESPINA study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025 Apr; 265:114526. Kornher K, Gould CF, Manzano JM, Baines K, Kayser G, Tu X, Suarez-Torres J, Martinez D, Peterson LA, Huset CA, Barr DB, Suarez-Lopez JR. PMID: 39904133.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    2. The Influence of Wildfire Smoke on Ambient PM2.5 Chemical Species Concentrations in the Contiguous US. Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Feb 18; 59(6):2961-2973. Krasovich Southworth E, Qiu M, Gould CF, Kawano A, Wen J, Heft-Neal S, Kilpatrick Voss K, Lopez A, Fendorf S, Burney JA, Burke M. PMID: 39899563.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:PHPublic Health
    3. Evaluating Chemical Transport and Machine Learning Models for Wildfire Smoke PM2.5: Implications for Assessment of Health Impacts. Environ Sci Technol. 2024 Dec 31; 58(52):22880-22893. Qiu M, Kelp M, Heft-Neal S, Jin X, Gould CF, Tong DQ, Burke M. PMID: 39694472.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    4. In praise of cooking gas subsidies: transitional fuels to advance health and equity. Environ Res Lett. 2024 Aug 01; 19(8):081002. Gould CF, Bailis R, Balakrishnan K, Burke M, Espinoza S, Mehta S, Schlesinger SB, Suarez-Lopez JR, Pillarisetti A. PMID: 39007070; PMCID: PMC11240120.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    5. Prenatal Household Air Pollution Exposure and Childhood Blood Pressure in Rural Ghana. Environ Health Perspect. 2024 Mar; 132(3):37006. Daouda M, Kaali S, Spring E, Mujtaba MN, Jack D, Dwommoh Prah RK, Colicino E, Tawiah T, Gennings C, Osei M, Janevic T, Chillrud SN, Agyei O, Gould CF, Lee AG, Asante KP. PMID: 38506828; PMCID: PMC10953816.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    6. In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking). medRxiv. 2024 Mar 13. Gould CF, Bailis R, Balakrishnan K, Burke M, Espinoza S, Mehta S, Schlesinger SB, Suarez-Lopez JR, Pillarisetti A. PMID: 37961585; PMCID: PMC10635205.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    7. Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Fine Particulate Matter When Cooking with Electricity Compared to Gas, a Randomized Crossover Study in Quito, Ecuador. Environ Health Perspect. 2024 Jan; 132(1):17702. Gould CF, Davila L, Bejarano ML, Burke M, Jack DW, Schlesinger SB, Mora JR, Valarezo A. PMID: 38261301; PMCID: PMC10805131.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    8. Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke Exposure. Annu Rev Med. 2024 Jan 29; 75:277-292. Gould CF, Heft-Neal S, Johnson M, Aguilera J, Burke M, Nadeau K. PMID: 37738508.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    9. The contribution of wildfire to PM2.5 trends in the USA. Nature. 2023 Oct; 622(7984):761-766. Burke M, Childs ML, de la Cuesta B, Qiu M, Li J, Gould CF, Heft-Neal S, Wara M. PMID: 37730996.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 41     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    10. Emergency department visits respond nonlinearly to wildfire smoke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 09 26; 120(39):e2302409120. Heft-Neal S, Gould CF, Childs ML, Kiang MV, Nadeau KC, Duggan M, Bendavid E, Burke M. PMID: 37722035; PMCID: PMC10523589.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    11. Climate and health benefits of a transition from gas to electric cooking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 08 22; 120(34):e2301061120. Gould CF, Bejarano ML, De La Cuesta B, Jack DW, Schlesinger SB, Valarezo A, Burke M. PMID: 37582122; PMCID: PMC10450649.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:PHPublic Health
    12. Resilient clean cooking: Maintaining household clean cooking in Ecuador during the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy Sustain Dev. 2023 Jun; 74:349-360. Valarezo A, Dávila L, Bejarano ML, Nolivos I, Molina E, Schlesinger SB, Gould CF, Jack DW. PMID: 37143764; PMCID: PMC10070780.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    13. Widespread Clean Cooking Fuel Scale-Up and under-5 Lower Respiratory Infection Mortality: An Ecological Analysis in Ecuador, 1990-2019. Environ Health Perspect. 2023 03; 131(3):37017. Gould CF, Bejarano ML, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Lee AG, Pillarisetti A, Schlesinger SB, Terán E, Valarezo A, Jack DW. PMID: 36989076; PMCID: PMC10056314.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    14. Using time-resolved monitor wearing data to study the effect of clean cooking interventions on personal air pollution exposures. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023 05; 33(3):386-395. Gould CF, Mujtaba MN, Yang Q, Boamah-Kaali E, Quinn AK, Manu G, Lee AG, Ae-Ngibise KA, Carrión D, Kaali S, Kinney PL, Jack DW, Chillrud SN, Asante KP. PMID: 36274187; PMCID: PMC11815893.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    15. Daily Local-Level Estimates of Ambient Wildfire Smoke PM2.5 for the Contiguous US. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 10 04; 56(19):13607-13621. Childs ML, Li J, Wen J, Heft-Neal S, Driscoll A, Wang S, Gould CF, Qiu M, Burney J, Burke M. PMID: 36134580.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 41     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    16. Exposures and behavioural responses to wildfire smoke. Nat Hum Behav. 2022 Oct; 6(10):1351-1361. Burke M, Heft-Neal S, Li J, Driscoll A, Baylis P, Stigler M, Weill JA, Burney JA, Wen J, Childs ML, Gould CF. PMID: 35798884.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    17. Poor early childhood growth is associated with impaired lung function: Evidence from a Ghanaian pregnancy cohort. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022 09; 57(9):2136-2146. Kaali S, Jack DW, Prah RKD, Chillrud SN, Mujtaba MN, Kinney PL, Tawiah T, Yang Q, Oppong FB, Gould CF, Osei M, Wylie BJ, Agyei O, Perzanowski MS, Asante KP, Lee AG. PMID: 35614550; PMCID: PMC9398957.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Environmental Factors Influencing COVID-19 Incidence and Severity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022 04 05; 43:271-291. Weaver AK, Head JR, Gould CF, Carlton EJ, Remais JV. PMID: 34982587; PMCID: PMC10044492.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 62     Fields:    Translation:HumansCellsPHPublic Health
    19. Prenatal and Postnatal Household Air Pollution Exposure and Infant Growth Trajectories: Evidence from a Rural Ghanaian Pregnancy Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2021 11; 129(11):117009. Boamah-Kaali E, Jack DW, Ae-Ngibise KA, Quinn A, Kaali S, Dubowski K, Oppong FB, Wylie BJ, Mujtaba MN, Gould CF, Gyaase S, Chillrud S, Owusu-Agyei S, Kinney PL, Asante KP, Lee AG. PMID: 34842444; PMCID: PMC8629028.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 18     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    20. A cluster randomised trial of cookstove interventions to improve infant health in Ghana. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 08; 6(8). Jack DW, Ae-Ngibise KA, Gould CF, Boamah-Kaali E, Lee AG, Mujtaba MN, Chillrud S, Kaali S, Quinn AK, Gyaase S, Oppong FB, Carrión D, Agyei O, Burkhart K, Ana-Aro JA, Liu X, Berko YA, Wylie BJ, Etego SA, Whyatt R, Owusu-Agyei S, Kinney P, Asante KP. PMID: 34452940; PMCID: PMC8404442.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 24     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    21. Prenatal household air pollutant exposure is associated with reduced size and gestational age at birth among a cohort of Ghanaian infants. Environ Int. 2021 10; 155:106659. Quinn AK, Adjei IA, Ae-Ngibise KA, Agyei O, Boamah-Kaali EA, Burkart K, Carrión D, Chillrud SN, Gould CF, Gyaase S, Jack DW, Kaali S, Kinney PL, Lee AG, Mujtaba MN, Oppong FB, Owusu-Agyei S, Yawson A, Wylie BJ, Asante KP. PMID: 34134048; PMCID: PMC8628363.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    22. Firewood, forests, and fringe populations: Exploring the inequitable socioeconomic dimensions of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) adoption in India. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2021 May; 75. Khanwilkar S, Gould CF, DeFries R, Habib B, Urpelainen J. PMID: 33959474; PMCID: PMC8095680.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5  
    23. The effect of clean cooking interventions on mother and child personal exposure to air pollution: results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021 07; 31(4):683-698. Chillrud SN, Ae-Ngibise KA, Gould CF, Owusu-Agyei S, Mujtaba M, Manu G, Burkart K, Kinney PL, Quinn A, Jack DW, Asante KP. PMID: 33654272; PMCID: PMC8273075.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 30     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    24. Sustained LPG use requires progress on broader development outcomes. Nat Energy. 2020 Jun; 5(6):430-431. Mani S, Jain A, Tripathi S, Gould CF. PMID: 34765230; PMCID: PMC8580051.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1  
    25. Long-standing LPG subsidies, cooking fuel stacking, and personal exposure to air pollution in rural and peri-urban Ecuador. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2020 07; 30(4):707-720. Gould CF, Schlesinger SB, Molina E, Lorena Bejarano M, Valarezo A, Jack DW. PMID: 32415299; PMCID: PMC7316622.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    26. The drivers of sustained use of liquified petroleum gas in India. Nat Energy. 2020 Jun; 5(6):450-457. Mani S, Jain A, Tripathi S, Gould CF. PMID: 32719732; PMCID: PMC7384753.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9  
    27. The Role of Education and Attitudes in Cooking Fuel Choice: Evidence from two states in India. Energy Sustain Dev. 2020 Feb; 54:36-50. Gould CF, Urpelainen J. PMID: 32669760; PMCID: PMC7363404.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9  
    28. Household fuel mixes in peri-urban and rural Ecuador: Explaining the context of LPG, patterns of continued firewood use, and the challenges of induction cooking. Energy Policy. 2020 Jan; 136. Gould CF, Schlesinger SB, Molina E, Bejarano ML, Valarezo A, Jack DW. PMID: 32675905; PMCID: PMC7365656.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9  
    29. The Gendered Nature of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove Adoption and Use in Rural India. J Dev Stud. 2020; 56(7):1309-1329. Gould CF, Urpelainen J. PMID: 32508360; PMCID: PMC7274193.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 9  
    30. LPG as a Clean Cooking Fuel: Adoption, Use, and Impact in Rural India. Energy Policy. 2018 Nov; 122:395-408. Gould CF, Urpelainen J. PMID: 32581420; PMCID: PMC7314235.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 34  
    31. Soot and the city: Evaluating the impacts of Clean Heat policies on indoor/outdoor air quality in New York City apartments. PLoS One. 2018; 13(6):e0199783. Gould CF, Chillrud SN, Phillips D, Perzanowski MS, Hernández D. PMID: 29953529; PMCID: PMC6023219.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:PHPublic Health
    32. Government Policy, Clean Fuel Access, and Persistent Fuel Stacking in Ecuador. Energy Sustain Dev. 2018 Oct; 46:111-122. Gould CF, Schlesinger S, Toasa AO, Thurber M, Waters WF, Graham JP, Jack DW. PMID: 30294142; PMCID: PMC6173323.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 15  
    33. Association of exercise-induced wheeze and other asthma symptoms with emergency department visits and hospitalizations in a large cohort of urban adolescents. Respir Med. 2018 02; 135:42-50. Gould CF, Perzanowski MS, Evans D, Bruzzese JM. PMID: 29414452; PMCID: PMC5806151.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
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